Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They consist of numerous solar cells made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it excites electrons, creating an electric current through the photovoltaic effect. This direct current (DC) electricity is then converted into alternating current (AC) by an inverter, making it suitable for household use.

In a home solar system, solar panels are essential for capturing solar energy and generating electricity. They are typically installed on rooftops to maximize sunlight exposure. The generated electricity can power home appliances, reduce reliance on the grid, and lower energy bills. Excess electricity can be stored in batteries for later use or fed back into the grid, often earning credits from utility companies. Solar panels promote sustainable energy and reduce carbon footprints.

In South Africa, load shedding—planned power outages due to insufficient electricity supply—disrupts daily life. Solar panels offer a solution by providing a reliable, independent power source, reducing dependency on the unstable grid. With solar panels and adequate battery storage, homes can avoid load shedding disruptions and even achieve complete off-grid status, ensuring a continuous power supply.